This study used a descriptive cross-sectional research design and was conducted at 3 universities in Saudi Arabia among undergraduate nursing students. Data collection took place between June and September of the 2023 academic year.

To ensure accessibility, data were collected using a self-administered online survey developed in Arabic via Google Forms. The survey link was disseminated through various social media platforms, including WhatsApp (Meta), Instagram (Meta), and Facebook (Meta), by coinvestigators at each participating university. Participants were instructed to complete only one version of the survey to maintain data integrity and prevent duplicate responses.

A convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data from a total of 322 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in 3 Saudi universities. These universities were initially selected using a multistage probability sampling technique. The required sample size was calculated using the open-source calculator OpenEpi, Version 7, based on a total population of 1983 nursing students. The sample size calculation was based on an expected frequency of 50%, a 5% margin of error, and a 95% confidence level, resulting in a minimum sample size of 322 students. Proportional allocation was used to determine the number of participants from each university: (100 students from Al-Baha University (population =618), 44 students from Al-Jouf University (population =265), and 178 students from Al-Shamal Faculty of Nursing (population =1100).

The questionnaires used for data collection were divided into 3 sections. Section one collected sociodemographic data from nursing students, including age, gender, academic level, and specialty training course. Section 2 consisted of the Technology Readiness Index (TRI), a tool originally developed by Parasuraman and Colby [20] and adapted for this study. This section included 16 items designed to measure technology readiness across four dimensions: for optimism (4 items), innovativeness (4 items), discomfort (4 items), and insecurity (4 items). Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Optimism and innovativeness reflect positive predispositions toward technology, while discomfort and insecurity represent negative tendencies. To calculate the overall total TRI Score, the negatively worded dimensions (insecurity and discomfort) were reverse coded by subtracting each item score from 6. The final TRI score was computed using the formula: TRI = (Innovative+Optimism+(6-Insecurity) + (6-Discomfort))÷4). The score ranges from 1.0 to 5.0, with higher scores indicating greater technology readiness. For interpretation, readiness levels were categorized as follows: low (<2.0), moderate (<3.5), and high (>3.5).

Section three focused on the technology acceptance model (TAM), originally developed by Davis [21] and adapted by the researcher of this study. This section included 16 items grouped into 3 key constructs to measure technology acceptance: Perceived usefulness (6 items), perceived ease of use (6 items), and intention to use (4 items). All items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = extremely unlikely to 5 = extremely likely. To calculate the average perception score, the total score of all TAM items was summed for each participant. This raw score was then converted into a percentage by dividing it by the maximum possible score and multiplying by 100. The average percentage was computed across all participants to determine the overall mean perception score. Perception levels were categorized as follows: low (<65%), moderate (65% to <80%), and high (≥80%). For interpretive purposes, scores <40% were considered not accepted, while scores >40% were considered accepted.

To ensure clarity for comprehension for all nursing students, the survey was initially translated into Arabic and then back-translated into English to verify accuracy and consistency. Content validity was evaluated by a panel of five experts, all holding PhDs in nursing. The experts were requested to evaluate the relevance and clarity of each item, provide suggestions for improvement, and determine whether the items appropriately reflected the objectives of the study. Reliability of the instruments was assessed using Cronbach α. For TRI, which consisted of 16 items, the reliability coefficient was α =. 820. For TAM, also comprising 16 items, the reliability coefficient was α=.782.

A pilot study was carried out on 10% of the study sample (N=32) to assess the clarity, feasibility, and applicability of the survey tools. Participants in the pilot study were excluded from the final sample to avoid bias. The average time to complete the survey ranged from 15 to 20 minutes. The study was conducted across three universities: Al-Baha University (n=618), Al-Jouf University (n=265), Al-Shamal Faculty of Nursing (n=1100).

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Baha University (approval number 44127970). In addition, official permission letters were secured from the Faculty of Nursing in each sitting Al-Baha University, Al-Jouf University, and Al-Shamal Faculty of Nursing to conduct the study and collect data. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, with no academic consequences for students who chose to participate. Anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained by not collecting names or any personally identifiable information. All data was securely stored and used exclusively for research proposals. Before participation, written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

There were no consequences or effects on grades for not participating; participation was completely voluntary. Participant anonymity was guaranteed by withholding names or any other personally identifying information. All data was safely stored and used solely for this study. Every participant gave their written informed consent.

Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software, version 20.0. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of data distribution. Quantitative variables were summarized using range (minimum and maximum), mean, and SD. Statistical significance was determined at P value <.05. For inferential statistics, the student’s t test was used to compare between 2 independent groups for normally distributed data, while a one-way Analysis of Variance (F test) was applied to compare means among more than 2 groups. To identify which group differed significantly, post hoc analyses were conducted using the Tukey HSD test.

This study examined the readiness and acceptance of nursing students in Saudi Arabia regarding the use of artificial intelligence-based health care technology for nursing skills training. The findings indicate that most students are optimistic about incorporating AI into their education, with 69.6% reporting moderate readiness to adopt AI-related technological interventions. These results align with previous research showing that nurses generally hold positive attitudes and intentions toward the utilization of AI technologies in their practice and education [14,18]. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate specific courses on AI, promote student engagement with emerging technologies, and encourage faculty members to stay current with advancements in AI and its applications in nursing care [22].

Moreover, the study demonstrated that more than half of the participants (59% [190/322] and 59.3% [191/322]) experienced moderate discomfort and insecurity regarding the use of AI technologies. This highlights the need for increased efforts to educate nursing students about the efficacy and value of AI in training. In addition, participants demonstrated moderate techno-readiness toward adopting AI technologies. Sensitization initiatives should emphasize the benefits of AI, such as improving patient safety, enhancing the quality of clinical decision-making, and increasing efficiency in healthcare processes, including patient monitoring [15]. Furthermore, the moderate levels of techno-readiness highlight the need to increase nursing students’ exposure to technology in order to enhance their attitudes and perceptions of its value in nursing practice.

The overall technology acceptance among participants indicated that the majority exhibited moderate to high levels of acceptance. The findings reflect generally favorable attitudes toward the usefulness of technology, with more variability in perceived ease of use and intention to adopt it. While 58.1% of participants showed high acceptance regarding the perceived usefulness of technology, a notable proportion reported moderate to low acceptance. These findings highlight the need to foster greater engagement and raise awareness about the benefits and value of integrating technology into nursing education. As noted by Swan [14], such awareness is vital for facilitating positive shifts in perceptions and attitudes [22,23]. Additionally, perceived usefulness and ease of use of technological interventions, such as AI, have been consistently identified as strong predictors of willingness to adopt these technologies in nursing practice [14,17,20]. The results further indicate that most participants perceive the ease of use of AI technology as moderate to high. These findings are consistent with a study conducted in Nepal, which reported their moderate levels of digital literacy among nursing students [24]. However, they contrast with the findings of Stellesfson et al [25], who observed insufficient e-health literacy among college learners. This insufficiency is largely attributed to current curricula that often do not adequately incorporate the use of technologies such as AI in nursing and clinical education.

Additionally, the results indicate that the vast majority of participants (99.4%) accepted the use of technology, with only a small percentage (0.6%) reporting no acceptance. This underscores the importance of integrating innovative curricula at the undergraduate level to enhance nursing students’ exposure to emerging technologies such as AI. Early and structured exposure is crucial for building technological competency and fostering positive attitudes towards the use of AI in clinical practice [15]. Moreover, the study found no statistically significant differences in technology readiness and acceptance based on demographic variables such as age, gender, academic level, and specialty. This suggests that training programs should adopt a universal approach, targeting all nursing students equally. Such an inclusive strategy simplifies implementation, enhances cost-effectiveness, and supports the use of varied teaching methods to promote AI literacy. Educators can incorporate various methods such as role-plays, debates, panel discussions, and hands-on activities to enhance understanding of AI’s value and applications.

Furthermore, increasing students’ clinical exposure to AI technologies may positively shape their perceptions and encourage proactive engagement. Such shifts in perception are vital for fostering continuous learning and the development of essential nursing competencies in an AI-integrated environment. Nonetheless, several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the cross-sectional design restricts the ability to detect causal relationship between variables, making it challenging to determine the directionality of these correlations and understand how they might evolve over time. Second, the use of self-reported measures may introduce bias, as participants might provide socially desirable answers or may not accurately recall their experiences. Furthermore, while online survey distribution offers convenience, it may inadvertently exclude certain student groups, particularly those with limited access to or familiarity with digital platforms, thus potentially affecting the representativeness of the sample.

The findings indicate that nursing students demonstrated a generally positive readiness and acceptance regarding the use of AI and technology in education and training. However, this readiness and acceptance were at a moderate level, highlighting the need for enhanced awareness and a deeper understanding of AI’s potential to improve training efficiency and the quality of healthcare delivery. To address this gap, nursing education programs should integrate AI-related content into their curricula, thereby fostering students’ familiarity, competence, and confidence in using emerging technologies in clinical and educational contexts.