Published on in Vol 9 (2026)

1 Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Ha'il, Hail, Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabia
2 Medical Surgical Nursing Department, University of Ha'il, Hail, Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabia
3 College of Nursing, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia
4 Medical Surgical Department, College of Nursing, Taif University, Taif, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia
5 King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia
6 Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia
7 Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
8 Nursing Education Department, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia
9 Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Ha'il, Hail, Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabia
*all authors contributed equally
